The Ultimate Guide to Special Education

As a parent, you want the best education and the best future possible for your child. If he or she is being evaluated for an IEP or you’re thinking they may need some extra help in their educational journey, it can be intimidating to enter the acronym-heavy world of special education. Our mission is to empower and support you, the parent, to make the best decisions for your child’s education, no matter what type of school you choose.

So what does the term “special education” actually mean? Special education is specially designed instruction provided at no cost to a family to meet the specific needs of a child with a disability.  Whether you’re navigating the special education process with your own family or just want to better understand how special education works, we’ve created a parents guide to special education to help you along the way.

What is Special Education?

Special Education Law

Special education, as we think of it today, has not always been accessible to students with disabilities. In fact, it wasn’t until 1975 and the Education for All Handicapped Children Act that a federal law protected the rights of students with disabilities to receive a free, appropriate public education and ensured access to a program that met their needs.

Special education today is guided by the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA). This federal law makes sure students with disabilities are provided a Free Appropriate Public Education (FAPE) that matches their individual needs. Overall, this law’s goal is to provide kids with disabilities the same opportunities in education that their peers without disabilities have.

Project Child Find

Child Find is a part of IDEA that legally requires schools to find children who have disabilities and need special education services (hereafter referred to as ‘services’). Child Find applies to children from birth through age 21 – including those students who are being homeschooled or are in private schools (more on that in How to Continue Your IEP, Even If You Start Homeschooling). 

While the specifics vary by state and district, all Local Education Agencies (LEAs) must have a process in place to identify students with disabilities regardless of their school choice. Once a student is thought to have a disability, it is the responsibility of the LEA to conduct an evaluation and make an eligibility determination. Each school district must also have a process for identifying and evaluating children who may need special education services. 

Besides identifying children who may need special education and related services, Child Find also informs parents and guardians of the services available to them.

IEP vs. 504 Plan

Individualized Education Programs (IEPs) and 504 Plans offer formal assistance for K-12 students who need extra support in school. A 504 Plan is a plan for how a school will ensure a child with a disability or impairment has the same access to the learning environment as their non-impaired peers. An IEP is a plan for a child’s special ed experience to ensure they make meaningful educational progress.

The Idaho State Department of Education offers a great Comparison of the IDEA, Section 504, and ADA Laws.

Related Services

Related Services provide extra help and support so kids can get the most benefit from their education. Often, related services are a part of the special education process. IDEA lists the following as possible related services, but this list is not exhaustive.

– Speech-language and audiology services

– Interpreting services

– Psychological services

– Occupational Therapy

– Physical Therapy

– Counseling services

– Orientation and mobility

– Social work services

If an IEP Team sees that a child has needs in a related service area, this can be evaluated as part of the formal evaluation process. In some cases, a student’s evaluation might indicate a need only in a related service area. For example, maybe a child only needs support in the area of fine motor skills. In this situation, an IEP might be written to provide a related service only. However, federal law says it is each state’s decision whether to allow related services to stand alone on an IEP. Related services can also be provided under a 504 plan if the challenges don’t have an impact on academic learning.

Post-COVID-19 Services

Just like the U.S. Department of Education, each state’s education department had their own guidelines for the schools in their state for special education during COVID-19 and post. While all states had to follow the federal guidelines that have been released, they also provided specifics to their educators. 

For over 20 years, online education for students with disabilities has been occurring. Currently, over 38 states have online instruction! These online schools provide special education and related services by using small group or individualized online instruction, delivery of specialized content virtually, and other related services as indicated by the students’ needs. 

Here are some articles and resources that have been shared about effective online learning and special education services:   

CEC and eLuma: Best Practices for Educating Online

Suggestions to Help Autistic People Get Through This Pandemic

Online Instruction Can (and Does) Work for Students with Disabilities 

When Children with ADHD attend School from Home: An Expert’s Tips

Occupational Therapy and E-learning: Resources, Activities, and Next Steps

Schools can utilize online learning tools, innovative staffing models, and community partnerships to address the needs of students with disabilities and other children facing unique learning obstacles or emotional challenges.

The Special Education Process

While each state has its own process for special education, IDEA outlines some basic steps that’ll be the same wherever you live:

1. Identify Needs

There are two ways that a student may be identified as possibly needing special ed and related services: through Project Child Find or by a referral or request for evaluation. Once a student has been identified as potentially needing services, an IEP Meeting will be scheduled where the IEP Team will review all available data and determine if they are going to conduct a formal assessment. If the decision is made to move forward with formal evaluations, parental consent is required before beginning.

2. Formal Evaluation

A formal evaluation is conducted to decide if a student has a disability that requires special education and related services. The evaluation also determines the specific areas of need and the best services for addressing that need. The evaluation that takes place must be individualized to the student and their suspected area of disability. Your State’s IDEA regulations will set the timeline for completion of the evaluation. If they do not, the federal IDEA regulations of 60 days after the parent gives consent applies.

If parents disagree with the results of the evaluation, they have the right to take their child for an Independent Educational Evaluation (IEE). If you want to learn more about IEEs, Private Evaluations: What You Need to Know by Understood is a good resource.

3. Determine Eligibility

Once the requested evaluations have been completed, the IEP Team will schedule another meeting to review results and determine eligibility for special education and related services. The IEP Team, including the student’s parent or guardian, will sit down to review evaluation results and decide if the student is a “child with a disability” as defined by IDEA. If a child is found eligible, IDEA requires that the Team must meet to write an individualized education program (IEP) for them within 30 days.

4. Write an Initial IEP

After a child has been deemed eligible for special education and related services, the school will work with the parents to schedule an IEP meeting. The meeting invitation must state the purpose of the meeting; date, time, and location; who will be attending the meeting; and let parents know that they may also invite people to the meeting. 

At the initial IEP meeting, the IEP Team discusses the child’s needs and writes the IEP. An IEP is a legal, written document that has two general purposes. First, it sets reasonable learning goals for a student. Second, it states the services that the district will provide. The IEP’s learning goals address a student’s participation in the general education curriculum, extracurricular activities, and any nonacademic activities. 

While the format and content of an IEP varies by state and is customized for each child, IDEA outlines specific components that must be included:

– Current Performance: A statement of the child’s present levels of academic achievement and functional performance (including how their disability affects involvement and progress in the general education curriculum)

– Annual Goals: Measurable, annual goals (academic and functional)

– Measuring Progress: Description of how progress towards annual goals will be measured and when progress reports will be provided

– Special Education & Related Services: Statement of the special education and related services and supplementary aids that will be provided and a description of the program modifications or supports that will be provided (including who will be providing these supports)

– Participation with Nondisabled Children: Explanation of the extent (if any) that the child will receive services in a setting other than their regular class with nondisabled peers

– Participation in State and District-Wide Assessments: Statement of individual accommodations that are needed for the child to demonstrate their knowledge on state and districtwide assessments

– Dates and Places: The projected date for the beginning of services and modifications, as well as their anticipated frequency, location, and duration

– Transition Services Needs: If the student will turn 16 during the life of the IEP, IDEA requires:

– Measurable postsecondary goals based upon age-appropriate transition assessments (related to training, education, employment, and/or independent living skills)

– Transition services needed to assist the student in reaching their goals

– Age of Majority: Beginning no later than one year before the child reaches the age of majority under State law, the IEP must include a statement that they have been informed of their rights once they reach the age of majority

Prior to a school system providing any special education and related services, parental consent must be acquired. Services will begin as soon as possible once consent has been given. If parents do not agree with the IEP that has been developed, they have the right to discuss their concerns with the IEP Team. If an agreement cannot be reached, parents or the school can work through mediation or ask for assistance from their state agency. Find more information on this process in your state’s Parental Safeguards document.

5. Provide Services

Once consent has been received, the school makes sure that the IEP is carried out exactly as written. Each of the child’s teachers and service providers has access to the IEP and is made aware of their responsibilities as outlined by the IEP. 

6. Monitor Progress

The child’s teachers and service providers keep track of the progress the child makes toward educational goals. Regular progress reports are provided during the year and the results are discussed at the annual IEP review. 

7. Annual Review of IEP

At least once a year the child’s IEP is reviewed by the IEP Team. However, the IEP can be reviewed more frequently if the parents or the school request it. At the annual review, the child’s progress is discussed as the child continues to grow, and the IEP Team makes appropriate updates to the IEP. 

8. Reevaluation

At least every three years, the child must be reevaluated for continued eligibility for special education and related services and to determine the child’s educational needs. This evaluation is sometimes referred to as the “triennial.”

Special Education and Your School Choice

Traditional Public Schools

All traditional public schools are required to identify and provide services to students with disabilities according to IDEA law.

Public Magnet Schools

Public magnet schools are free public schools that focus on particular themes. As they are publicly funded, they are required by law to identify and provide services to students with disabilities. 

Public Charter Schools

Charter schools are public schools that are created by school districts, colleges, nonprofit organizations, or other entities. These schools are allowed to determine many of their own policies and practices, but since charter schools are public schools, they are required by law to identify and provide services to students with disabilities.

Resources:

• The Facts on Charter Schools and Students with Disabilities
• Frequently Asked Questions about the Rights of Students with Disabilities in Public Charter Schools – U.S. Department of Education
• Know Your Rights: Students with Disabilities in Charter Schools – U.S. Department of Education

Online Public Schools

Online public schools are usually run by state governments, school districts, or charter schools. All online public schools are required to identify and provide services to students with disabilities according to IDEA law. 

To learn more about what special education looks like at an online public school, check out our Q&A with Sarah Betz, an online special education teacher at Ohio Distance and Electronic Learning Academy.

Resources:

• Online Learning and IDEA Educational Environments (Ages 6-21)
• Department of Education Memo on Virtual Schools
• IDEA Opportunities and Challenges in Online Settings – Office of Special Education and Rehabilitative Services Blog

Private Schools

Special education varies widely from private school to private school. Some independent schools are designed to meet the specific needs of students with disabilities. Other private schools may offer accommodations, but not specially designed instruction. While private schools may choose to offer special education, they are not required to by law.

If a private school provides special education, it may create an Instructional Services Plan or an Individual Service Plan (ISP). An ISP is a written plan of service that outlines what will be done to meet your child’s needs.

Students with disabilities may also receive a service plan through the local education agency (LEA). IDEA law requires that all LEAs set aside funding for students with disabilities whose parents choose to send them to private school. As this money is limited, these students receive “equitable services”. Equitable services are services similar to what the student would receive in an IEP, however, often fewer services are available than what a child would receive at a public school. These services may be provided on the private school premises or transportation may be provided to the service site.

Resources:

• 6 Things to Know About Private Schools and Special Education
• The Difference Between IEPs and Service Plans
• University of Kentucky Private School Tutorial
• Provisions Related to Children with Disabilities Enrolled by Their Parents in Private Schools – U.S. Department of Education

Homeschools

States vary in terms of how much IDEA funding is set aside to provide services to students with disabilities in the private school and homeschool setting. In several states, this funding is used for private school students only. However, some states consider homeschooled students to be in “private schools”, making equitable services available to homeschoolers! A handful of states have specifically expanded the eligibility of equitable services to include homeschoolers.

In at least 31 states and the District of Columbia, homeschooled students may automatically qualify for special education services. To see what is available in your state, check out our round-up here.

DoDEA Schools

Did you know – the Department of Defense Education Activity (DoDEA) operates 160 schools in 8 districts across 11 countries, 7 states, and 2 territories serving our military families? DoDEA schools follow IDEA law to identify and provide students with disabilities with a free, appropriate education. All military families should know about the Exceptional Family Member Program which connects families to the resources and programs they’ll need as they relocate around the country and the world. They may also be eligible for the Extended Care Health Option (ECHO) which provides financial assistance to beneficiaries with special needs for an integrated set of services and supplies.

DoDEA Resources:

• DoDEA Parent Handbook on Special Education
• Special Education: DoDEA Publications
• Special Education Glossary
• DoDEA Parent Rights for Special Education – available in English, Spanish,and more
• DoDEA Special Education
• Special Needs Resource Project – US Military Resource Links

Bureau of Indian Education Schools

All schools run by the Bureau of Indian Education are required by IDEA law to identify and provide services to students with special needs. These schools must utilize the special ed eligibility criteria and the state standards and assessment system in which they are located, in addition to the processes laid out by the Bureau of Indian Education.

Resources:

• Parent’s Guide to Special Education – Native American Disability Law Center
• Bureau of Indian Education Special Education
• Parents Rights & Procedural Safeguards:
  • BIE Operated & Grant/Contract Schools
  • NM Public Education – in English and Navajo
  • Arizona Department of Education
  • Navajo Translation (Audio Clips)
• Education for Parents of Indian Children with Special Needs (EPICS) – EPICS is a nonprofit that serves families of Native American Children with Disabilities, Developmental Delays, Special Healthcare Needs, and Deaf or Hard of Hearing from birth to 26 years old. 
• Native American Disability Law Center – The Native American Disability Law Center’s mission is to advocate to ensure the rights of Native Americans with disabilities are enforced, strengthened, and brought into harmony with their communities.
• Special Needs Resource Project – Native American Resource Links

Alabama

Traditional public schools, magnet schools, online public schools, and charter schools in Alabama all follow IDEA guidance to identify and provide services to students with disabilities attending these schools. Private schools in Alabama are not required to provide special education services, but can choose to offer them to their students or partner with the local LEA to provide equitable services at no cost. Parents of school-age children in Alabama have the right to select a private school for their student with disabilities; however, as long as the district has offered a free appropriate public education they are not responsible for the cost of private school. Homeschooled students are not eligible for special education services provided by their school district for free.

These are some Alabama-specific resources to help you further understand school choice for students with disabilities:

• Alabama State Department of Education Special Education Services
• The Plan Language of Special Education – Auburn University, Department of Special Education, Rehabilitation and Counseling (SERC) & the Alabama State Department of Education
• Parents- Partners in Special Education – Alabama State Department of Education Special Education Services
• Alabama Parent Education Center (APEC) – APEC is a nonprofit organized by parents that provides families with training, information, and support.
• Autism Society of Alabama – The Autism Society of Alabama works to improve services for individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorders and their families through education and advocacy.
• Family Voices of Alabama (FV of AL) – FV of AL aims to achieve family-centered care for all children and youth with special health care needs and/or disabilities by providing tools to make informed decisions, advocacy, partnerships, and resources on health care.
• The Arc of Alabama – The Arc of Alabama is a nonprofit, volunteer-based membership organization who advocates for the rights and protections of people with intellectual and developmental disabilities by providing information and referral services, educational opportunities, and public policy initiatives.
• Special Needs Resource Project – Alabama – This list includes state links, national links, US Military links, and Native American links to resources available in Alabama.

Alaska

In Alaska, traditional public schools, magnet schools, charter schools, and online public schools all follow IDEA guidance to identify and provide services to students with disabilities attending these schools. Private schools in Alaska are not required to provide special education services but can choose to offer them to their students or partner with the local LEA to provide equitable services at no cost to the family. Parents have the right to choose a private school for their student with disabilities; however, the district is not required to pay for tuition as long as the LEA has made a free appropriate public education available to their child. Alaska considers homeschooled students taught via correspondence courses in the state to be privately schooled for the purposes of determining access to special education services. Read more about the rules at State of Alaska Correspondence Program Regulations. To learn more about homeschooling your student with disabilities, check out our round-up of resources!

Here are some resources to help you further understand your school choice options for students with disabilities in Alaska:

• Parental Rights for Special Education (Procedural Safeguards) (docx)
• Alaska Special Education Parents’ Guide (PDF)
• Alaska Department of Education & Early Development – Special Education website
• Alaskan Special Education Parent Handbook – Stone Soup Group
• Stone Soup Group – a statewide nonprofit that provides information, support, training, and resources for families caring for children with special needs.
• The Arc of Anchorage – The Arc of Anchorage has a full array of disability services from birth throughout life.
• Special Needs Resource Project – Alaska – This list includes state links, national links, US Military links, and Native American links to resources available in Alaska.

Arizona

Traditional public schools, magnet schools, online public schools, and charter schools in Arizona all follow IDEA guidance to identify and provide services to students with disabilities attending these schools. Private schools in Arizona are not required to provide special education services, but can choose to offer them to their students or partner with the local LEA to provide equitable services at no cost. Parents of school-age children in Arizona have the right to select a private school for their student with disabilities; however, as long as the district has offered a free appropriate public education they are not responsible for the cost of private school. The state considers homeschooled students as privately schooled students for purposes of determining access to special education services; therefore, they may qualify for equitable services. Parents of homeschooled children can also apply for Empowerment Scholarship Accounts (ESAs) and other state-run scholarships. For more information about homeschooling your students with disabilities, check out our guide!

Here are some resources to help you further understand your school choice options for students with disabilities in Arizona:

• Arizona Department of Education Exceptional Student Services
• Procedural Safeguards Notice for the State of Arizona – available in English and Spanish
• Traveling the Special Education Highway: A Parent’s Guide to a Successful Journey – Arizona Department of Education Exceptional Student Services
• Raising Special Kids – provides support and information for parents of children with disabilities and health care needs.
• Arizona Center for Disability Law (ACDL)
• The Arc of Arizona – The Arc of Arizona advocates for the rights and full community participation of all people with intellectual and developmental disabilities by improving systems of supports and services, connecting families, inspiring communication, and influencing public policy.
• Parent Support Arizona – Parent Support Arizona offers education and civil rights advocacy; connects families with local resources and supports families as they navigate the public education system, state developmental disability system, and behavioral health system.
• Special Needs Resource Project – Arizona – This list includes state links, national links, US Military links, and Native American links to resources available in Arizona.

Arkansas

In Arkansas, traditional public schools, magnet schools, charter schools, and online public schools all follow IDEA guidance to identify and provide services to students with disabilities attending these schools. Private schools in Arkansas are not required to provide special education services but can choose to offer them to their students or partner with the local LEA to provide equitable services at no cost to the family. Parents have the right to choose a private school for their student with disabilities; however, the district is not required to pay for tuition as long as the LEA has made a free appropriate public education available to their child. The state of Arkansas considers homeschooled students as privately schooled students for the purpose of determining access to special education services; therefore, they may qualify for equitable services. For more information about homeschooling students with disabilities, check out our guide!

These are some Arkansas-specific resources to help you further understand your school choice options for students with disabilities:

• Arkansas Division of Elementary & Secondary Education – Special Education
• A Family’s Guide to Special Education in Arkansas – Arkansas Department of Education
• Your Rights Under the IDEA Procedural Safeguards Notice – available in English and Spanish
• Arkansas Disability Coalition – a statewide nonprofit that empowers individuals and families to pursue opportunities for improvement in health, education, quality of life, and inclusion.
• The Center for Exceptional Families – works to improve educational opportunities for students with disabilities, including students transitioning to adult life beyond high school.
• Disability Rights Arkansas – Arkansas’s protection and advocacy organization.
• Family Support Program & Northwest Arkansas Community Parent Resource Center – The NWA CPC advocates for children in special education and emphasizes training and information for all families.
• Special Needs Resource Project – Arkansas – This list includes state links, national links, US Military links, and Native American links to resources available in Arkansas.

California

Traditional public schools, magnet schools, online public schools, and charter schools in California all follow IDEA guidance to identify and provide services to students with disabilities attending these schools. Private schools in California are not required to provide special education services, but can choose to offer them to their students or partner with the local LEA to provide equitable services at no cost. Parents of school-age children in California have the right to select a private school for their student with disabilities; however, as long as the district has offered a free appropriate public education they are not responsible for the cost of private school. The state considers homeschooled students as privately schooled students for purposes of determining access to special education services; therefore, they may be eligible for equitable services. For more information about homeschooling students with disabilities in California, check out our guide.

Here are some resources to help you further understand your school choice options for students with disabilities in California:

• Parents’ Rights: A brief summary of Procedural Safeguards for students with disabilities receiving special education services
• Notice of Procedural Safeguards – available in English, Spanish, and more.
• California Department of Education – Specialized Programs – Special Education
• Parent Training and Information Center – parent-directed nonprofit organization that provides parents with training and information they need to enable them to participate effectively in helping their children with disabilities.
• California Community Parent Resource Centers – helps ensure that underserved parents have the training and information they need to enable the parents effectively in helping their children with disabilities.
• Senate Bill 511, Family Empowerment Centers – Family Empowerment Centers provide services to families with children with disabilities ages three to twenty-two.
• California Hands & Voices – supports families with children who are Deaf or Hard of Hearing.
• Special Needs In My City – a one-stop online resource offering information, parent advocacy, emotional support, and social connections for families.
• The Arc of California – The Arc promotes and protects human rights of people with intellectual and developmental disabilities and actively supports their full inclusion and participation in the community throughout their lifetimes.
• Special Needs Resource Project – California – This list includes state links, national links, US Military links, and Native American links to resources available in California.

Colorado

In Colorado, traditional public schools, magnet schools, charter schools, and online public schools all follow IDEA guidance to identify and provide services to students with disabilities attending these schools. Private schools in Colorado are not required to provide special education services but can choose to offer them to their students or partner with the local LEA to provide equitable services at no cost to the family. Parents have the right to choose a private school for their student with disabilities; however, the district is not required to pay for tuition as long as the LEA has made a free appropriate public education available to their child. Colorado considers homeschooled students as privately schooled students for the purposes of determining access to special education services; therefore, they may be eligible for equitable services. For more information about homeschooling students with special needs, check out our guide!

Here are some Colorado-specific resources to help you further understand your school choice options for students with disabilities:

• Colorado Department of Education Office of Special Education
• Parent and Child Rights in Special Education: Procedural Safeguards Notice – available in English, Spanish, and more.
• PEAK Parent Center – offers an array of free and low-cost services to families of children with disabilities and self-advocates.
• Thrive Center – The THRIVE Center exists to provide parents with information and training about disabilities; parent and children’s rights under IDEA and other laws; and resources in the Denver Metro area.
• Disability Law Colorado – offers legal representation, information and referrals to people with disabilities, older people, and their families.
• SWAAAC (Statewide Assistive Technology, Augmentative, and Alternative Communication) – provides multidisciplinary Assistive Technology services to provide students with disabilities equal access to the curriculum and full participation in their education and classroom.
• Colorado Talking Book Library – CTBL provides audio, Braille, and large print books for people who can’t read standard print.
• Parent to Parent of Colorado – an organization that connects families with their network of families across Colorado and to the resources that they need.
• The Arc of Colorado – The Arc of Colorado promotes and protects the human rights of people with intellectual and developmental disabilities and actively supports their full inclusion and participation in the community throughout their lifetimes.
• Special Needs Resource Project – Colorado – This list includes state links, national links, US Military links, and Native American links to resources available in Colorado.

Connecticut

In Connecticut, traditional public schools, magnet schools, charter schools, and online public schools all follow IDEA guidance to identify and provide services to students with disabilities attending these schools. Private schools in Connecticut are not required to provide special education services but can choose to offer them to their students or partner with the local LEA to provide them at no cost. Parents have the right to choose a private school for their student with disabilities; however, the district is not required to pay for tuition as long as the LEA has made a free appropriate public education available to their child. Homeschooled students are not eligible for special education services provided by their school district for free.

Here are some resources to help you further understand your school choice options for student with disabilities in Connecticut:

• Connecticut Special Education
• A Parent’s Guide to Special Education in Connecticut – available in English and Spanish
• Procedural Safeguards Notice: Required Under IDEA Part B – available in English and Spanish
• Students with Disabilities & Parental Choice in Connecticut
• The Arc of Connecticut – The Arc of Connecticut is an advocacy organization committed to protecting the rights of people with intellectual and developmental disabilities and promoting opportunities for their full inclusion in their communities.
• Special Needs Resource Project – Connecticut – This list includes state links, national links, US Military links, and Native American links to resources available in Connecticut.

Delaware

Traditional public schools, magnet schools, and charter schools in Delaware all follow IDEA guidance to identify and provide services to students with disabilities attending these schools. Private schools in Delaware are not required to provide special education services, but can choose to offer them to their students or partner with the local LEA to provide equitable services at no cost. Parents of school-age children in Delaware have the right to select a private school for their student with disabilities; however, as long as the district has offered a free appropriate public education they are not responsible for the cost of private school. As of 2021, homeschooled students may be eligible for some special education services provided by their school district. For more information regarding homeschooling students with disabilities, check out our guide! 

These Delaware-specific resources may help you further understand your school choice options for students with disabilities:

• Delaware Exceptional Children Resources
• Parents Are The Key: A Manual about the Rights and Responsibilities for Parents of Children with Special Education Needs in Delaware
• Delaware Procedural Safeguards: Parent and Child Rights in Special Education – available in English, Spanish, and Hatian Creole.
• Parent Information Center (PIC) of Delaware
• The Arc of Delaware – The Arc of Delaware is a statewide nonprofit organization dedicated to advocating for and serving Delawareans with intellectual and developmental disabilities and their families.
• Special Needs Resource Project – Delaware – This list includes state links, national links, US Military links, and Native American links to resources available in Delaware.

Florida

In Florida, traditional public schools, magnet schools, charter schools, and online public schools all follow IDEA guidance to identify and provide services to students with disabilities attending these schools. Private schools in Florida are not required to provide special education services but can choose to offer them to their students or partner with the local LEA to provide equitable services at no cost to the family. Parents have the right to choose a private school for their student with disabilities; however, the district is not required to pay for tuition as long as the LEA has made a free appropriate public education available to their child. Florida considers homeschooled students as privately schooled students for purposes of determining access to special education services; therefore, they may be eligible for equitable services. Parents of students with disabilities can also apply for the Family Empowerment Scholarship. For more information regarding homeschooling students with disabilities, check out our guide! 

Here are some Florida-specific resources to help you further understand school choice options for student with disabilities:

• Florida Department of Education Exceptional Student Education
• Notice of Procedural Safeguards for Parents of Student with Disabilities – available in English, Spanish, and more.
• The Arc of Florida – The Arc of Florida is a nonprofit organization whose mission is to improve the quality of life for persons with intellectual and developmental disabilities.
• Special Needs Resource Project – Florida – This list includes state links, national links, US Military links, and Native American links to resources available in Florida.

Georgia

Traditional public schools, magnet schools, and charter schools in Georgia all follow IDEA guidance to identify and provide services to students with disabilities attending these schools. Private schools in Georgia are not required to provide special education services, but can choose to offer them to their students or partner with the local LEA to provide equitable services at no cost. Parents of school-age children in Georgia have the right to select a private school for their student with disabilities; however, as long as the district has offered a free appropriate public education they are not responsible for the cost of private school. In Georgia, homeschooled students are considered privately schooled students for purposes of determining access to special education services; therefore, they may be eligible for equitable services. For more information about homeschooling students with disabilities, check out our guide.

These Georgia-specific resources will help you further understand school choice options for students with disabilities:

• Georgia Department of Education Special Education Services and Supports
• A Parents’ Guide to Understanding Your Rights and Responsibilities – available in English and Spanish.
• Your Rights as Parents – available in English, Spanish, and more.
• Parent’s Rights Videos
• Parent to Parent of Georgia – offers a variety of services to Georgia families such as support, information, education, and leadership development.
• The Arc of Georgia – The Arc Georgia works alongside people with intellectual and developmental disabilities to promote and protect the human rights for all and actively support full inclusion and participation in the community throughout their lives.
• Special Needs Resource Project – Georgia – This list includes state links, national links, US Military links, and Native American links to resources available in Georgia.

Hawaii

In Hawaii, traditional public schools and charter schools all follow IDEA guidance to identify and provide services to students with disabilities attending these schools. Private schools in Hawaii are not required to provide special education services but can choose to offer them to their students or partner with the local LEA to provide equitable services at no cost to the family. Parents have the right to choose a private school for their student with disabilities; however, the district is not required to pay for tuition as long as the LEA has made a free appropriate public education available to their child. The state of Hawaii considers homeschooled students as privately schooled students for purposes of determining access to special education services; therefore, they may be eligible for equitable services. For more information about homeschooling students with disabilities, check out our guide!

Here are some Hawaii-specific resources that may help you further understand school choice options for students with disabilities:

• Hawaii State Department of Education Special Education
• Procedural Safeguards Notice – available in English, Spanish, and more.
• Community Children’s Councils – serve children and families through collaborative partnerships.
• Leadership in Disabilities & Achievement of Hawai’i – empower families through screening, identification, information, training and mentoring, and public outreach and advocacy.
• Special Parent Information Network: Hawaii – this parent to parent organization in Hawaii that provides information, support and referral to parents of children and young adults with disabilities and the professionals who serve them.
• Hawaii Autism Foundation – helps families identify needs and find solutions that will assure individuals have the tools and transitional support they need.
• The Arc of Hawaii – The Arc in Hawai’i provides services for people with intellectual and developmental disabilities on Oahu.
• Special Needs Resource Project – Hawaii – This list includes state links, national links, US Military links, and Native American links to resources available in Hawaii.

Idaho

Traditional public schools, magnet schools, online public schools, and charter schools in Idaho all follow IDEA guidance to identify and provide services to students with disabilities attending these schools. Private schools in Idaho are not required to provide special education services, but can choose to offer them to their students or partner with the local LEA to provide equitable services at no cost. Parents of school-age children in Idaho have the right to select a private school for their student with disabilities; however, as long as the district has offered a free appropriate public education they are not responsible for the cost of private school. Homeschooled students can dual enroll in their public school; however, under state regulations, homeschooled students may not dually enroll solely for the purpose of receiving special education services. For more information about homeschooling students with disabilities, visit our guide.

These resources may help you further understand school choice options for students with disabilities in Idaho:

• Idaho State Department of Education Special Education
• Procedural Safeguards Notice for Students with Disabilities and Their Parents – available in English and Spanish.
• Idaho State Department of Education: School Choice
• The Arc Idaho – Idaho The Arc is committed to serving individuals with developmental disabilities by working to ensure that people with intellectual and developmental disabilities have the supports they need to achieve independence in all facets of their lives.
• Special Needs Resource Project – Idaho – This list includes state links, national links, US Military links, and Native American links to resources available in Idaho.

Illinois

In Illinois, traditional public schools, charter schools, and magnet schools all follow IDEA guidance to identify and provide services to students with disabilities attending these schools. Private schools in Illinois are not required to provide special education services but can choose to offer them to their students or partner with the local LEA to provide equitable services at no cost to the family. Parents have the right to choose a private school for their student with disabilities; however, the district is not required to pay for tuition as long as the LEA has made a free appropriate public education available to their child. The state of Illinois considers homeschooled students as privately schooled students for the purposes of determining access to special education services; therefore, they may be eligible for equitable services. For more information regarding homeschooling students with disabilities, visit our guide.

Here are some Illinois-specific resources to help you further understand school choice options for students with disabilities:

• Illinois State Board of Education – Special Education website
• Educational Rights and Responsibilities: Understanding Special Education in Illinois “The Parent Guide” – available in English and Spanish
• Illinois Student Record Keeper for Parents of Students Who Receive Special Education Services by the Illinois State Board of Education Special Education Department is a document that outlines notes & information that parents should be keeping track of during the special education process.
• Notice of Procedural Safeguards for Parents/Guardians of Students with Disabilities
• The Arc of Illinois – The Arc of Illinois advocates for people with intellectual and developmental disabilities, families and community organizations to ensure that people with disabilities can live, work, learn, and play in communities across the state.
• Special Needs Resource Project – Illinois – This list includes state links, national links, US Military links, and Native American links to resources available in Illinois.

Indiana

Traditional public schools, magnet schools, online public schools, and charter schools in Idaho all follow IDEA guidance to identify and provide services to students with disabilities attending these schools. Private schools in Idaho are not required to provide special education services, but can choose to offer them to their students or partner with the local LEA to provide equitable services at no cost. Parents of school-age children in Indiana have the right to select a private school for their student with disabilities; however, as long as the district has offered a free appropriate public education they are not responsible for the cost of private school. Homeschooled students in Indiana are considered privately schooled students for the purposes of determining access to special education services; therefore, they may be eligible for equitable services. For more information about homeschooling students with disabilities, visit our guide.

These resources may help you further understand school choice options for students with disabilities in Indiana:

• Indiana Department of Education: Special Education Website
• Indiana Department of Education Notice of Procedural Safeguards – available in English, Spanish, and more.
• Navigating the Course: Finding Your Way through Indiana’s Special Education Rules – a practical resource to help parents available in English and Spanish.
• Indiana IEP Resource Center – the IEPRC provides resources, professional learning opportunities, and technical assistance to improve outcomes for students with disabilities.
• Local and Regional Resources for Families – compiled by the Indiana IEP Resource Center (pdf)
• Indiana Family to Family – Indiana’s Parent to Parent organization that works to give support, answer questions, and provide information and resources to families of children with special needs.
• IN*SOURCE Special Education Parent Support – works to provide parents, families, individuals, & service providers with the information & training.
• The Arc of Indiana – The Arc of Indiana is committed to all people with intellectual and developmental disabilities realizing their goals of living, learning, working, and fully participating in the community.
• Special Needs Resource Project – Indiana – This list includes state links, national links, US Military links, and Native American links to resources available in Indiana.

Iowa

In Iowa, traditional public schools, charter schools, online public schools, and magnet schools all follow IDEA guidance to identify and provide services to students with disabilities attending these schools. Private schools in Illinois are not required to provide special education services but can choose to offer them to their students or partner with the local LEA to provide equitable services at no cost to the family. Parents have the right to choose a private school for their student with disabilities; however, the district is not required to pay for tuition as long as the LEA has made a free appropriate public education available to their child. Iowa homeschooled students taught through a program of “competent private instruction” may dual enroll in their local public school for the purposes of receiving special education services. For more information about homeschooling students with disabilities, check out our guide.

Here are some Iowa specific resources to help you understand your school choice options for students with disabilities:

• Iowa IDEA information: Guidance, Resources, Procedures – Iowa Department of Education
• Procedural Safeguards Manual for Parents (Parental Rights in Special Education) – available in English, Spanish, and more.
• Unilateral Placement by Parents – Iowa Department of Education guidance for parents who choose to place their students with disabilities in a private school.
• Home Schooling for Students in Special Education Parent Notification and Acknowledgement
• ASK Resource Center – The state of Iowa’s Parent Training and Information Center for families of children with disabilities that provides advocacy, training, resources, and supports.
• The Arc of Iowa – The Arc represents, supports, and acts on behalf of individuals and their families regardless of level of ability or membership in The Arc.
• Special Needs Resource Project – Iowa – This list includes state links, national links, US Military links, and Native American links to resources available in Iowa.

Kansas

Traditional public schools, magnet schools, online public schools, and charter schools in Kansas all follow IDEA guidance to identify and provide services to students with disabilities attending these schools. Private schools in Kansas are not required to provide special education services, but can choose to offer them to their students or partner with the local LEA to provide equitable services at no cost. Parents of school-age children in Idaho have the right to select a private school for their student with disabilities; however, as long as the district has offered a free appropriate public education they are not responsible for the cost of private school. Homeschooled students are considered as privately schooled students for the purposes of determining access to special education services; therefore, they may be eligible for equitable services. To find out more about homeschooling students with disabilities, visit our guide.

These Kansas-specific resources may help you further understand your school choice options for students with disabilities:

• Kansas State Department of Education – Special Education Services website
• Kansas State Department of Education Parent Rights in Special Education (Procedural Safeguards) – available in English and Spanish.
• Kansas Special Education Process Handbook
• Parent Guide to Special Education: A Companion to the Kansas Special Education Process Handbook – available in English and Spanish.
• Families Together, Inc. – The Kansas Parent Training and Information & Family-to-Family Health Information Center providing support and information for families of children with disabilities.
• Kansas Parent Information Resource Center – promotes meaningful family engagement by developing resources, developing parent advocacy, offering professional learning to educators, and providing technical assistance to educators.
• Special Needs Resource Project – Kansas – This list includes state links, national links, US Military links, and Native American links to resources available in Kansas.

Kentucky

Traditional public schools and magnet schools in Kentucky all follow IDEA guidance to identify and provide services to students with disabilities attending these schools. Private schools in Kentucky are not required to provide special education services, but can choose to offer them to their students or partner with the local LEA to provide them at no cost. Parents of school-age children in Kentucky have the right to select a private school for their student with disabilities; however, as long as the district has offered a free appropriate public education they are not responsible for tuition reimbursement. The state of Kentucky considers homeschooled students as privately schooled students for the purposes of determining access to special education services; therefore, they may be eligible for equitable services. For more information about homeschooling students with disabilities, visit our guide.

Here are some resources to help you understand your school choice options for students with disabilities in Kentucky:

• Kentucky Department of Education: Exceptional Children website
• Part B Procedural Safeguards Notice – available in English and Spanish.
• Kentucky Parent Guide for Special Education – from the University of Kentucky
• Kentucky Department of Education Special Education Parent and Family Toolbox – contains information on advocacy and support organizations, opportunities to grow your knowledge, and contacts.
• KY-SPIN– KY-SPIN is a statewide nonprofit organization that works to link families and individuals with disabilities to valuable resources.
• The Arc of Kentucky – The Arc of Kentucky holds a vision of a positive future for individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities; a future for communities with services and supports that will promote lives of value.
• Special Needs Resource Project – Kentucky – This list includes state links, national links, US Military links, and Native American links to resources available in Kentucky.

Louisiana

In Louisiana, traditional public schools, charter schools, online public schools, and magnet schools all follow IDEA guidance to identify and provide services to students with disabilities attending these schools. Private schools in Louisiana are not required to provide special education services but can choose to offer them to their students or partner with the local LEA to provide equitable services at no cost to the family. Parents have the right to choose a private school for their student with disabilities; however, the district is not required to pay for tuition as long as the LEA has made a free appropriate public education available to their child. Homeschooled students are not considered privately schooled students for purposes of determining access to special education services and are not eligible for services from their school district for free. 

These Louisiana-based resources may help you further understand your school choice options for students with disabilities:

• Louisiana Department of Education Students with Disabilities website
• Louisiana’s Educational Rights of Children with Disabilities: Special Education Processes + Procedural Safeguards – available in English, Spanish, and more.
• Louisiana Department of Education School Choice Program for Certain Students with Exceptionalities website
• Louisiana Department of Education Resources for Parents of Students with Disabilities
• Supporting Students with Disabilities: Glossary of Key Terms – by the Louisiana Department of Education
• Families Helping Families of Greater New Orleans – Families Helping Families is a resource center staffed by trained, knowledgeable parents of children with disabilities or special health care needs.
• The Arc of Louisiana – The Arc of Louisiana advocates with and for all people with intellectual and related developmental disabilities and their families so that they shall live to their fullest potential.
• Special Needs Resource Project – Louisiana – This list includes state links, national links, US Military links, and Native American links to resources available in Louisiana.

Maine

Traditional public schools, charter schools, magnet schools, and online public schools in Maine all follow IDEA guidance to identify and provide services to students with disabilities attending these schools. Private schools in Maine are not required to provide special education services, but can choose to offer them to their students or partner with the local LEA to provide them at no cost. Parents of school-age children in Maine have the right to select a private school for their student with disabilities; however, as long as the district has offered a free appropriate public education they are not responsible for tuition reimbursement. Homeschooled students are considered privately schooled students for purposes of determining access to special education services, provided that the student is enrolled in a program “recognized by the Department as providing equivalent instruction” to private schools. For more information about homeschooling students with disabilities, visit our guide.

Here are some resources to help you further understand your school choice options for students with disabilities in Maine:

• The Maine Department of Education – Office of Special Education website
• Notice of Procedural Safeguards – available in English, Spanish, and more.
• Special Needs Resource Project – Maine – This list includes state links, national links, US Military links, and Native American links to resources available in Maine.

Maryland

In Maryland, traditional public schools, charter schools, and magnet schools all follow IDEA guidance to identify and provide services to students with disabilities attending these schools. Private schools in Maryland are not required to provide special education services but can choose to offer them to their students or partner with the local LEA to provide equitable services at no cost to the family. Parents have the right to choose a private school for their student with disabilities; however, the district is not required to pay for tuition as long as the LEA has made a free appropriate public education available to their child. Homeschooled students in Maryland do not automatically qualify for special education services provided under IDEA, although local districts can choose to make services available. For more information about homeschooling students with disabilities, visit our guide.

These Maryland-specific resources may help you further understand your school choice options for students with disabilities:

• Maryland State Department of Education Early Intervention and Special Education Services website
• Division of Early Intervention and Special Education Services Parent’s Guide to Understanding Your Individualized Education Program (IEP) Rights and Responsibilities in Maryland
• Understanding the Evaluation, Eligibility, and Individualized Education Program (IEP) Process in Maryland – available in English, Spanish, and more.
• Parental Rights: Maryland Procedural Safeguards Notice – available in English, Spanish, and more.
• Directory of Maryland Local Family Support Services – Maryland State Department of Education
• Nonpublic Special Education – Information regarding tuition assistance for students placed in nonpublic education settings by the IEP Team as part of the IEP process.
• The Arc of Maryland – The Arc of Maryland is the largest statewide nonprofit organization dedicated to the rights and quality of life of persons with intellectual and developmental disabilities and their families.
• Special Needs Resource Project – Maryland – This list includes state links, national links, US Military links, and Native American links to resources available in Maryland.

Massachusetts

Traditional public schools, charter schools, magnet schools, and online public schools in Massachusetts all follow IDEA guidance to identify and provide services to students with disabilities attending these schools. Private schools in Massachusetts are not required to provide special education services, but can choose to offer them to their students or partner with the local LEA to provide them at no cost. Parents of school-age children in Massachusetts have the right to select a private school for their student with disabilities; however, as long as the district has offered a free appropriate public education they are not responsible for tuition reimbursement. The state considers homeschooled students as privately schooled students for determining access to special education services; therefore, they may be eligible for equitable services. For more information about homeschooling students with disabilities, visit our guide.

Here are some resources to help you further understand your school choice options for students with disabilities in Massachusetts:

• Massachusetts Department of Elementary and Secondary Education – Special Education website
• A Parent’s Guide to Special Education – available in English, Spanish, and Portugese.
• Parent’s Notice of Procedural Safeguards – available in English, Spanish, and more.
• Disability Definitions and Related Links – Definitions of each of the Massachusetts disability categories and resources for each.
• Choosing A School: A Parent’s Guide to Educational Choices in Massachusetts
• The Arc of Massachusetts – The Arc of Massachusetts provides education and systems of advocacy to families, the public, and more.
• Federation for Children with Special Needs – The Federation for Children with Special Needs provides information, support, and assistance to parents of children with disabilities, their professional partners, and their communities.
• Family Ties of Massachusetts – Family TIES is a project of the Federation for Children with Special Needs that provides information and referral services, emotional support, and training to parents of children and youth with special needs.
• Parent/Professional Advocacy League – The Parent/Professional Advocacy League is a statewide, grassroots family organization that advocates for improved access to mental health services for children, youth and their families.
• DisabiliyInfo.org is a website run through INDEX, a program of the Eunice Kennedy Shriver Center, a Center for Excellence at the University of Massachusetts Medical School.  INDEX collects and keeps up-to-date information on programs, providers, and services in Massachusetts that have something to offer people with disabilities.
• Special Needs Resource Project – Massachusetts – This list includes state links, national links, US Military links, and Native American links to resources available in Massachusetts.

Michigan

In Michigan, traditional public schools, charter schools, and magnet schools all follow IDEA guidance to identify and provide services to students with disabilities attending these schools. Private schools in Michigan are not required to provide special education services but can choose to offer them to their students or partner with the local LEA to provide equitable services at no cost to the family. Parents have the right to choose a private school for their student with disabilities; however, the district is not required to pay for tuition as long as the LEA has made a free appropriate public education available to their child. The state considers homeschooled students as privately schooled students for purposes of determining access to special education services and may be eligible for equitable services, provided the parents have registered their homeschool with the Michigan Department of Education. For more information on homeschooling students with disabilities, visit our guide.

These Michigan-specific resources may help you further understand school choice options for students with disabilities:

• Michigan Department of Education Special Education website
• Procedural Safeguards Fact Sheet explaining the protections for students and parents under the IDEA – available in English, Spanish, and Arabic.
• Procedural Safeguards Notice – available in English, Spanish, and more.
• Special Education Process Fact Sheet explaining the special education process including the steps from evaluation to eligibility, program, specialized instruction, and placement – available in English, Spanish, and Arabic.
• Family Matters – Family Matters is an outreach effort from the Michigan Department of Education, Office of Special Education to provide parents with information about special education and other resources.
• Michigan Alliance for Families – Michigan Alliance for Families is a statewide resource to connect families of children with disabilities to resources to help improve their children’s education.
• The Arc of Michigan – The vision of the Arc of Michigan is that all people realize and fulfill their dreams of having employment, education, meaningful relationships, and living independently within their community.
• Special Needs Resource Project – Michigan – This list includes state links, national links, US Military links, and Native American links to resources available in Michigan.

Minnesota

Traditional public schools, charter schools, magnet schools, and online public schools in Minnesota all follow IDEA guidance to identify and provide services to students with disabilities attending these schools. Private schools in Minnesota are not required to provide special education services, but can choose to offer them to their students or partner with the local LEA to provide them at no cost. Parents of school-age children in Minnesota have the right to select a private school for their student with disabilities; however, as long as the district has offered a free appropriate public education they are not responsible for tuition reimbursement. Homeschooled students are considered privately schooled students for purposes of determining access to special education services; therefore, they may be eligible to receive equitable services. For more information about homeschooling students with disabilities, visit our guide.

Here are some Minnesota-specific resources that may help you further understand school choice options for students with disabilities:

• Minnesota Department of Education Special Education website
• Minnesota Department of Education: Part B Notice of Procedural Safeguards Parental Rights for Public School Special Education Students – available in English, Spanish, and more.
• Special Education in School Choice Settings – Minnesota Department of Education
• The Arc of Minnesota – The Arc of Minnesota promotes and protects the human rights of people with intellectual and developmental disabilities by providing information, assistance, and education.
• Special Needs Resource Project – Minnesota – This list includes state links, national links, US Military links, and Native American links to resources available in Minnesota.

Mississippi

In Mississippi, traditional public schools, charter schools, and magnet schools all follow IDEA guidance to identify and provide services to students with disabilities attending these schools. Private schools in Mississippi are not required to provide special education services but can choose to offer them to their students or partner with the local LEA to provide equitable services at no cost to the family. Parents have the right to choose a private school for their student with disabilities; however, the district is not required to pay for tuition as long as the LEA has made a free appropriate public education available to their child. Parents of students who wish to attend private schools can also apply for the Educational Savings Account program, which provides parents with funding to pay for special education services. The state considers homeschooled students as privately schooled students for purposes of determining access to special education; therefore, they may be eligible for equitable services. For more information regarding homeschooling students with disabilities, visit our guide.

These resources may help you further understand school choice options for students with disabilities in Mississippi:

• Mississippi Department of Education Special Education website
• Procedural Safeguards: Your Family’s Special Education Rights – available in English, Spanish, and more.
• Parent Advocacy Groups – Mississippi Department of Education
• K-12 Private School Scholarship Information – Mississippi Department of Education
• The Arc of Mississippi – The Arc of Mississippi works to include all children and adults with cognitive, intellectual, and developmental disabilities in every community.
• Special Needs Resource Project – Mississippi – This list includes state links, national links, US Military links, and Native American links to resources available in Mississippi.

Missouri

Traditional public schools, charter schools, magnet schools, and online public schools in Missouri all follow IDEA guidance to identify and provide services to students with disabilities attending these schools. Private schools in Missouri are not required to provide special education services, but can choose to offer them to their students or partner with the local LEA to provide them at no cost. Parents of school-age children in Missouri have the right to select a private school for their student with disabilities; however, as long as the district has offered a free appropriate public education they are not responsible for tuition reimbursement. The state considers students as privately schooled students for purposes of determining access to special education services; therefore, they may be eligible to receive equitable services. For more information about homeschooling students with disabilities, visit our guide.

Here are some Missouri-specific resources to help you further understand school choice options for students with disabilities:

• Missouri Department of Elementary and Secondary Education Special Education website
• The Parent’s Guide to Special Education in Missouri – available in English and Spanish.
• Procedural Safeguards Notice: Part B of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) – available in English, Spanish, and ASL (Part 1 & Part 2).
• Parent’s Bill of Rights – available in English, Spanish, and more.
• Project ACCESS – Project ACCESS is a collaboration between Missouri State and The Missouri Department of Elementary and Secondary Education that offers training, resources, and support services to school district personnel who serve students.
• The Arc of Missouri – The Arc of Missouri works to support and empower persons with developmental disabilities and their families through advocacy and education, expanding individual choices and promoting community inclusion.
• Special Needs Resource Project – Missouri – This list includes state links, national links, US Military links, and Native American links to resources available in Missouri.

Montana

In Montana, traditional public schools follow IDEA guidance to identify and provide services to students with disabilities. Private schools in Montana are not required to provide special education services but can choose to offer them to their students or partner with the local LEA to provide equitable services at no cost to the family. Parents have the right to choose a private school for their student with disabilities; however, the district is not required to pay for tuition as long as the LEA has made a free appropriate public education available to their child. The state considers homeschooled students as privately schooled students for purposes of determining access to special education services; therefore, they may be eligible for equitable services. For more information about homeschooling students with disabilities, visit our guide.

These Montana-specific resources may help you further understand school choice options for students with disabilities:

• Montana Office of Public Instruction Special Education website
• Montana Office of Public Instruction: Special Education in Montana – This guide is intended to provide guidance regarding the special education process, procedures, and frequently asked questions.
• IDEA Special Education Part B: Procedural Safeguards Notice – available in English and Spanish.
• Montana Empowerment Center – Montana Empowerment Center provides online resources and individualized assistance to help Montana parents and educators support and enrich the lives of children with disabilities.
• Special Needs Resource Project – Montana – This list includes state links, national links, US Military links, and Native American links to resources available in Montana.

Nebraska

Traditional public schools and magnet schools in Nebraska all follow IDEA guidance to identify and provide services to students with disabilities attending these schools. Private schools in Nebraska are not required to provide special education services, but can choose to offer them to their students or partner with the local LEA to provide them at no cost. Parents of school-age children in Nebraska have the right to select a private school for their student with disabilities; however, as long as the district has offered a free appropriate public education they are not responsible for tuition reimbursement. The state considers homeschooled students as privately schooled students for the purposes of determining access to special education services; therefore, they may be eligible for equitable services. For more information about homeschooling students with disabilities, visit our guide.

Here are some resources to help you further understand school choice options for student with disabilities in Nebraska:

• Nebraska Department of Education Office of Special Education website
• IDEA Part B Parents’ Rights in Special Education (Age 3-21) Procedural Safeguards Notice- available in English, Spanish, and Vietnamese.
• PTI Nebraska (Parent Training and Information) – PTI Nebraska is a statewide resource for families of children with disabilities and special health care needs.
• Disability Rights Nebraska – Disability Rights Nebraska protects, supports, and promotes the rights of people with disabilities in Nebraska.
• The Arc of Nebraska – The Arc of Nebraska provides advocacy to people with intellectual and developmental disabilities and their families.
• Special Needs Resource Project – Nebraska – This list includes state links, national links, US Military links, and Native American links to resources available in Nebraska.

Nevada

In Nevada, traditional public schools, charter schools, magnet schools, and online public schools follow IDEA guidance to identify and provide services to students with disabilities. Private schools in Nevada are not required to provide special education services but can choose to offer them to their students or partner with the local LEA to provide equitable services at no cost to the family. Parents have the right to choose a private school for their student with disabilities; however, the district is not required to pay for tuition as long as the LEA has made a free appropriate public education available to their child. Nevada considers homeschooled students as privately schooled students for purposes of determining access to special education services; therefore, they may be eligible for equitable services. For more information about homeschooling students with disabilities, visit our guide.

These Nevada-specific resources may help you further understand school choice options for students with disabilities:

• State of Nevada Department of Education Office of Inclusive Education website
• Special Education Rights of Parents and Children – available in English and Spanish.
• Special Needs Resource Project – Nevada – This list includes state links, national links, US Military links, and Native American links to resources available in Nevada.
• NEAT Services – NEAT Services is an educational advocacy, tutoring, and homeschool help provider in Southern Nevada for children and young adults with disabilities and learning difficulties.

New Hampshire

Traditional public schools, charter schools, magnet schools, and online public schools in New Hampshire all follow IDEA guidance to identify and provide services to students with disabilities attending these schools. Private schools in New Hampshire are not required to provide special education services, but can choose to offer them to their students or partner with the local LEA to provide them at no cost. Parents of school-age children in New Hampshire have the right to select a private school for their student with disabilities; however, as long as the district has offered a free appropriate public education they are not responsible for tuition reimbursement. Homeschooled students in New Hampshire are not considered privately schooled students for purposes of determining access to special education services and are not eligible for special education services provided by the school district. Parents may qualify for income-based scholarships that can fund special education services, tutoring, or homeschool expenses.

Here are some resources to help you further understand school choice options for students with disabilities in New Hampshire:

• New Hampshire Department of Education Special Education website
• New Hampshire Special Education Procedural Safeguards Handbook – available as both written and audio files in English, Spanish, and more.
• Parent Information Center – The Parent Information Center (PIC) provides services designed to help parents understand their child’s special needs and the laws that govern the special education process.
• A Family Guide to Special Education in New Hampshire by the Parent Information Center – available in English and Spanish.
• NH Connections – NH Connections provides child care, early learning and afterschool resources & referrals for families, providers and communities.
• University of New Hampshire Institute on Disability/UCED – The IOD promotes full access, equal opportunities, and participation for all persons by strengthening communities and advancing policy and systems change, promising practices, education, and research.
• Special Needs Resource Project – New Hampshire – This list includes state links, national links, US Military links, and Native American links to resources available in New Hampshire.

New Jersey

In New Jersey, traditional public schools, charter schools, and magnet schools follow IDEA guidance to identify and provide services to students with disabilities. Private schools in New Jersey are not required to provide special education services but can choose to offer them to their students or partner with the local LEA to provide equitable services at no cost to the family. Parents have the right to choose a private school for their student with disabilities; however, the district is not required to pay for tuition as long as the LEA has made a free appropriate public education available to their child. In New Jersey, homeschooled students are not considered privately schooled students for the purposes of determining access to special education services and are not eligible to receive equitable services from their school district for free.

These New Jersey-specific resources may help you further understand school choice options for students with disabilities:

• State of New Jersey Department of Education Special Education website
• New Jersey Department of Education Parental Rights in Special Education – available in English, Spanish, and more.
• Learning Resource Center (LRC) Network – The LRC Network provides materials and resources to support the education of students with disabilities. The Centers provide regional and targeted professional development and technical assistance to both educators and families of student with disabilities.
• The Arc of New Jersey – The Arc of New Jersey is the state’s largest organization advocating for and serving children and adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities and their families.
• Special Needs Resource Project – New Jersey– This list includes state links, national links, US Military links, and Native American links to resources available in New Jersey.

New Mexico

Traditional public schools, charter schools, magnet schools, and online public schools in New Mexico all follow IDEA guidance to identify and provide services to students with disabilities attending these schools. Private schools in New Mexico are not required to provide special education services, but can choose to offer them to their students or partner with the local LEA to provide them at no cost. Parents of school-age children in New Mexico have the right to select a private school for their student with disabilities; however, as long as the district has offered a free appropriate public education they are not responsible for tuition reimbursement. In New Mexico, homeschooled students are not considered privately schooled students for purposes of determining access to special education services and are not eligible for equitable services provided by their district for free.

Here are some resources to help you further understand school choice options for students with disabilities in New Mexico:

• New Mexico Public Education Department Special Education website
• Special Education Procedural Safeguards for Students with Disabilities and Their Families – available in English, Spanish, and more.
• Know Your Rights: A Guide for Families and Parents of Students Receiving Special Education Services – New Mexico Public Education Department
• Questions and Answers on IDEA and Private Schools
• EPICS – is a Community Parent Resource Center serving families who have Native American children with disabilities or developmental delays in NM, including those with special healthcare needs, and the professionals that work with them.
• Parents Reaching Out – Parents Reaching Out is a nonprofit organization that works with parents, caregivers, educators, and other professionals.
• The Arc of New Mexico – The Arc promotes and protects the human rights of people with intellectual and developmental disabilities and actively supports their full inclusion and participation in the community throughout their lifetimes.
• Special Needs Resource Project – New Mexico – This list includes state links, national links, US Military links, and Native American links to resources available in New Mexico.

New York

Traditional public schools, magnet schools, and charter schools in New York all follow IDEA guidance to identify and provide services to students with disabilities attending these schools. Private schools in New York are not required to provide special education services, but can choose to offer them to their students or partner with the local LEA to provide them at no cost. Parents of school-age children in New York have the right to select a private school for their student with disabilities; however, as long as the district has offered a free appropriate public education they are not responsible for tuition reimbursement. The state of New York considers homeschooled students as privately schooled students for determining access to special education services; therefore, they may be eligible to receive equitable services for free. For more information about homeschooling your student with disabilities, check out our round-up here!

These are some state-specific resources to help you further understand special education and school choice in New York:

• Special Education in New York State for Children Ages 3-21: A Parent’s Guide – in English and Spanish
• New York State Education Department Procedural Safeguards Notice: Rights for Parents of Children with Disabilities, Ages 3-21 – available in English, Spanish, and more!
• New York State Special Education website
• The Arc New York – A family-based organization for people with intellectual disabilities and developmental disabilities.
• Special Needs Resource Project – New York – This list includes state links, national links, US Military links, and Native American links to resources available in New York.

North Carolina

In North Carolina, traditional public schools, magnet schools, charter schools, and online public schools all follow IDEA guidance to identify and provide services to students with disabilities attending these schools. Private schools in North Carolina are not required to provide special education services but can choose to offer them to their students or partner with the local LEA to provide them at no cost. Parents have the right to choose a private school for their student with disabilities; however, the district is not required to pay for tuition as long as the LEA has made a free appropriate public education available to their child. Homeschool students may be eligible for special education services provided by their district for free. For more information about homeschooling your student with disabilities in North Carolina, visit our round-up here!

Here are some resources to help you further understand your school choice options for your student with a disability in North Carolina:

• A Parents’ Guide to Special Education in North Carolina
• Parent Rights & Responsibilities in Special Education Procedural Safeguards – in English and Spanish
• Online State Resources
• Exceptional Children’s Division website
• Exceptional Children’s Assistance Center
• The Arc of North Carolina – The Arc of North Carolina is committed to securing for all people with intellectual and developmental disabilities the opportunity to choose and realize their goals of where and how they learn, live, work, and play.
• Special Needs Resource Project – North Carolina – This list includes state links, national links, US Military links, and Native American links to resources available in North Carolina.

North Dakota

Traditional public schools in North Dakota all follow IDEA guidance to identify and provide services to students with disabilities attending these schools. Private schools in North Dakota are not required to provide special education services, but can choose to offer them to their students or partner with the local LEA to provide them at no cost. Parents of school-age children in North Dakota have the right to select a private school for their student with disabilities; however, as long as the district has offered a free appropriate public education they are not responsible for tuition reimbursement. Homeschooled students are not considered as privately schooled students for the purposes of determining access to special education and are not eligible for free services from their district.

These North Dakota-specific resources may help you further understand school choice options for students with disabilities:

• North Dakota Department of Public Instruction Special Education website
• Parental Rights for Public School Students Receiving Special Education Services Notice of Procedural Safeguards – available in English and Spanish.
• Parent Guide to Special Education – North Dakota Department of Public Instruction
• Special Needs Resource Project – North Dakota – This list includes state links, national links, US Military links, and Native American links to resources available in North Dakota.

Ohio

In Ohio, traditional public schools, magnet schools, charter schools, and online public schools all follow IDEA guidance to identify and provide services to students with disabilities attending these schools. Private schools in Ohio are not required to provide special education services but can choose to offer them to their students or partner with the local LEA to provide them at no cost. Parents have the right to choose a private school for their student with disabilities; however, the district is not required to pay for tuition as long as the LEA has made a free appropriate public education available to their child. Ohio homeschool and private school students with disabilities are eligible for the Jon Peterson Scholarship program, which provides parents with scholarships of up to $27,000 annually in lieu of providing them with a free and appropriate public education. For more information about homeschooling students with disabilities, visit our guide.

Here are some Ohio-specific resources that may help you further understand school choice options for students with disabilities:

• Ohio Department of Education Special Education website
• A Guide to Parent Rights in Special Education: Special Education Procedural Safeguards Notice – available in English, Spanish, and more.
• The Basic of Special Education Video Series by the Ohio Department of Education
• Jon Peterson Special Needs Scholarship Program
• Ohio School Choice Options
• The Arc of Ohio – The Arc of Ohio advocates for human rights, personal dignity, and community participation of people with intellectual and developmental disabilities.
• Special Needs Resource Project – Ohio – This list includes state links, national links, US Military links, and Native American links to resources available in Ohio.

Oklahoma

Traditional public schools, magnet schools, charter schools, and online public schools in Oklahoma all follow IDEA guidance to identify and provide services to students with disabilities attending these schools. Private schools in Oklahoma are not required to provide special education services, but can choose to offer them to their students or partner with the local LEA to provide them at no cost. Parents of school-age children in Oklahoma have the right to select a private school for their student with disabilities; however, as long as the district has offered a free appropriate public education they are not responsible for tuition reimbursement. Parents or guardians can apply for the Lindsey Nicole Henry (LNH) Scholarship to attend a participating private school. In Oklahoma, homeschooled students with disabilities are not eligible for special education services to be provided by their school district for free.

These resources may help you further understand school choice options for students with disabilities in Oklahoma:

• Oklahoma State Department of Education Special Education website
• Special Education Handbook by the Oklahoma State Department of Education
• Special Education Process Guide by the Oklahoma State Department of Education
• Parents Rights in Special Education: Notice of Procedural Safeguards – available in English, Spanish, and more.
• The Arc of Oklahoma – The Arc of Oklahoma educates, empowers, advocates, and supports individuals with developmental disabilities, and their families, through a network of programs and services designed to ensure a high quality of life for all Oklahomans.
• Special Needs Resource Project – Oklahoma – This list includes state links, national links, US Military links, and Native American links to resources available in Oklahoma.

Oregon

In Oregon, traditional public schools, magnet schools, charter schools, and online public schools all follow IDEA guidance to identify and provide services to students with disabilities attending these schools. Private schools in Oregon are not required to provide special education services but can choose to offer them to their students or partner with the local LEA to provide them at no cost. Parents have the right to choose a private school for their student with disabilities; however, the district is not required to pay for tuition as long as the LEA has made a free appropriate public education available to their child. The state considers homeschool students as privately schooled students for purposes of determining access to special education services; therefore, they may be eligible for equitable services provided by the district for free. For more information about homeschooling students with disabilities, visit our guide.

Here are some Oregon-specific resources that may help you further understand school choice options for students with disabilities:

• Oregon Department of Education Special Education website
• Procedural Safeguards Notice: Parent Rights for Special Education K-21 – available in English, Spanish, and more.
• The Arc of Oregon – The Arc of Oregon promotes and defends the human rights of people with intellectual and developmental disabilities and actively supports their full inclusion and participation in the community throughout their lifetimes.
• Special Needs Resource Project – Oregon – This list includes state links, national links, US Military links, and Native American links to resources available in Oregon.

Pennsylvania

Traditional public schools, magnet schools, charter schools, and online public schools in Pennsylvania all follow IDEA guidance to identify and provide services to students with disabilities attending these schools. Private schools in Pennsylvania are not required to provide special education services, but can choose to offer them to their students or partner with the local LEA to provide them at no cost. Parents of school-age children in Pennsylvania have the right to select a private school for their student with disabilities; however, as long as the district has offered a free appropriate public education they are not responsible for tuition reimbursement. Pennsylvania homeschool students may be considered eligible for special education services provided by their local district. For more information about homeschooling students with disabilities, visit our guide.

These Pennsylvania-specific resources may help you further understand school choice options for students with disabilities:

• Pennsylvania Department of Education Special Education website
• Parents’ Rights: Understanding the Procedural Safeguards Notice by the Pennsylvania Training and Technical Assistance Network – available in English and Spanish.
• Pennsylvania Parent Guide to Special Education for School-Age Children by the Pennsylvania Training and Technical Assistance Network – available in English and Spanish.
• Pennsylvania Training and Technical Assistance Network (PaTTAN) – PaTTAN provides a full array of professional development and technical assistance targeted to improving student results.
• PEAL Center – The PEAL Center is an organization of parents of children with disabilities and special health care needs who educates and empowers families to ensure that children, youth, and young adults with disabilities and special health care needs lead rich, active lives.
• The Arc of Pennsylvania – The Arc of Pennsylvania promotes the human rights of people with intellectual and developmental disabilities and actively supports their full inclusion and participation in the community throughout their lifetimes.
• Special Needs Resource Project – Pennsylvania – This list includes state links, national links, US Military links, and Native American links to resources available in Pennsylvania.

Rhode Island

In Rhode Island, traditional public schools, magnet schools, and charter schools all follow IDEA guidance to identify and provide services to students with disabilities attending these schools. Private schools in Rhode Island are not required to provide special education services but can choose to offer them to their students or partner with the local LEA to provide them at no cost. Parents have the right to choose a private school for their student with disabilities; however, the district is not required to pay for tuition as long as the LEA has made a free appropriate public education available to their child. Homeschooled students are not considered privately schooled students for purposes of determining access to special education services and are not eligible for equitable services provided by their district for free.

Here are some resources to help you further understand school choice options for students with disabilities in Rhode Island:

• Rhode Island Department of Education Special Education website
• Rhode Island Special Education Procedural Safeguards Notice – available in English and Spanish.
• The IEP Process: Frequently Asked Questions by the Rhode Island Department of Education
• Rhode Island Parent Information Network (RIPIN) – RIPIN’s mission is to help individuals, parents, families, and children achieve their goals by providing information, training, education, support, and advocacy.
• Parent Support Network of Rhode Island – Families and peers supporting each other through mutual aid, education and advocacy.
• The Arc Rhode Island – The Arc Rhode Island leads state-level public policy activities as well as provides training, public awareness and education, and grassroots advocacy building to protect the rights of Rhode Islanders with intellectual and developmental disabilities.
• Special Needs Resource Project – Rhode Island – This list includes state links, national links, US Military links, and Native American links to resources available in Rhode Island.

South Carolina

Traditional public schools, magnet schools, charter schools, and online public schools in South Carolina all follow IDEA guidance to identify and provide services to students with disabilities attending these schools. Private schools in South Carolina are not required to provide special education services, but can choose to offer them to their students or partner with the local LEA to provide them at no cost. Parents of school-age children in South Carolina have the right to select a private school for their student with disabilities; however, as long as the district has offered a free appropriate public education they are not responsible for tuition reimbursement.  Parents can apply to the Exceptional Needs Children Fund to receive a scholarship towards private school if your child has a disability and you believe that the assigned public school does not meet their needs. The state considers homeschooled students as privately schooled students for purposes of determining access to special education services; therefore, they may be eligible for equitable services. For more information about homeschooling students with disabilities, visit our guide.

These South Carolina-specific resources may help you further understand school choice options for students with disabilities:

• South Carolina Department of Education Special Education Services website
• Part B: Procedural Safeguards – available in English, Spanish, and more.
• The Office of Special Education Special Education Process Guide for South Carolina by the South Carolina Department of Education
• South Carolina Department of Disabilities and Special Needs (DDSN) – The DDSN is the state agency that plans, develops, coordinates and funds services for South Carolinians with sever, lifelong disabilities.
• South Carolina Assistive Technology Program (SCATP) – The SCATP uses technology devices and services to help individuals with disabilities live, work, and learn more independently.
• Federation of Families of South Carolina – The Federation of Families of South Carolina works to provide leadership in the area of children’s mental health through education, awareness, support, and advocacy for families.
• Family Connection South Carolina – Family Connection of South Carolina works to change lives by making connections, raising awareness, and promoting inclusion for those with disabilities and special healthcare needs.
• The Arc of South Carolina – The Arc of South Carolina promotes and protects the human rights of people with intellectual and developmental disabilities and actively supports their full inclusion and participation in the community throughout their lifetime.
• Special Needs Resource Project – South Carolina – This list includes state links, national links, US Military links, and Native American links to resources available in South Carolina.

South Dakota

In South Dakota, traditional public schools follow IDEA guidance to identify and provide services to students with disabilities attending these schools. Private schools in South Dakota are not required to provide special education services but can choose to offer them to their students or partner with the local LEA to provide them at no cost. Parents have the right to choose a private school for their student with disabilities; however, the district is not required to pay for tuition as long as the LEA has made a free appropriate public education available to their child. Homeschooled students are not considered privately schooled students for determining access to special education services and are not eligible for equitable services provided by their district for free.

Here are some South Dakota-specific resources to help you further understand school choice options for students with disabilities:

• South Dakota Department of Education Special Education Programs website
• South Dakota Parental Rights and Procedural Safeguards – available in English, Spanish, and more.
• Team Process: IEP Development, Implementation, & Progress Webinar – South Dakota Department of Education
• What Parents Should Know… About Special Education in South Dakota by the South Dakota Department of Education
• South Dakota Parent Connection – The South Dakota Parent Connection provides individual assistance to families and professionals, workshops for families and professionals, electronic and printed publications and online resources, and connects families to other organizations that can provide assistance. 
• Special Needs Resource Project – South Dakota – This list includes state links, national links, US Military links, and Native American links to resources available in South Dakota.

Tennessee

Traditional public schools, magnet schools, charter schools, and online public schools in Tennessee all follow IDEA guidance to identify and provide services to students with disabilities attending these schools. Private schools in Tennessee are not required to provide special education services, but can choose to offer them to their students or partner with the local LEA to provide them at no cost. Parents of school-age children in Tennessee have the right to select a private school for their student with disabilities; however, as long as the district has offered a free appropriate public education they are not responsible for tuition reimbursement. The state considers homeschooled students as privately schooled students for purposes of determining access to special education services; therefore, they may be eligible for equitable services. For more information about homeschooling students with disabilities, visit our guide. Parents of special needs students can also apply for the Individualized Education Account program, which gives parents funds to pay for special education services. If you’re interested in the Individualized Education Account program, you can obtain more information and an application at the Tennessee Department of Education.

These resources may help you further understand school choice options for students with disabilities in Tennessee:

• Tennessee Department of Education Special Education website
• Tennessee Department of Education Notice of Procedural Safeguards: Individuals with Disabilities Education Act – available in English, Spanish, and more.
• Important Legal Timelines in Special Education by the Tennessee Department of Education
• Special Education Framework by the Tennessee Department of Education
• Education Choices in Tennessee website – by the Tennessee Department of Education
• The Arc Tennessee – The Arc Tennessee empowers people with intellectual and developmental disabilities and their families to actively participate in the community throughout their lifetime.
• Special Needs Resource Project – Tennessee – This list includes state links, national links, US Military links, and Native American links to resources available in Tennessee.

Texas

In Texas, traditional public schools, charter schools, magnet schools, and online public schools follow IDEA guidance to identify and provide services to students with disabilities attending these schools. Private schools in Texas are not required to provide special education services but can choose to offer them to their students or partner with the local LEA to provide them at no cost. Parents have the right to choose a private school for their student with disabilities; however, the district is not required to pay for tuition as long as the LEA has made a free appropriate public education available to their child. The state considers homeschooled students as privately schooled students for purposes of determining access to special education services; therefore, they may be eligible for equitable services. For more information about homeschooling students with disabilities, visit our guide.

Here are some Texas-specific resources that may help you further understand school choice options for students with disabilities:

• Texas Education Agency Special Education website
• Special Education in Texas A-Z Index – This index by the Texas Education Agency has listed many education-related topics alphabetically linking to where they are used on the TEA’s website.
• Notice of Procedural Safeguards – available in English, Spanish, and more. 
• Parent’s Guide to the Admission, Review, and Dismissal (ARD) Process – available in English and Spanish.
• SPEDTex – SPEDTex provides information and resources to help parents understand their child’s disability, their rights and responsibilities under IDEA,and facilitate collaboration that supports the development and delivery of services.
• Texas Project FIRST: Families, Information, Resources, Support & Training – Texas Project FIRST is a project of the Family to Family Network committed to providing accurate and consistent information to parents and families of students with disabilities.
• Partners Resource Network – The Partners Resource Network is a nonprofit agency that operates the Texas statewide network of Parent Training and Information Centers that help parents understand their child’s disability; understand their rights & responsibilities; obtain and evaluate resources and services; and participate in planning services.
• The Arc of Texas – The Arc of Texas promotes, protects, and advocates for the human rights and self-determination of Texans with intellectual and developmental disabilities.
• Special Needs Resource Project – Texas – This list includes state links, national links, US Military links, and Native American links to resources available in Texas.

Utah

Traditional public schools, magnet schools, charter schools, and online public schools in Utah all follow IDEA guidance to identify and provide services to students with disabilities attending these schools. Private schools in Utah are not required to provide special education services, but can choose to offer them to their students or partner with the local LEA to provide equitable services at no cost. Parents of school-age children in Utah have the right to select a private school for their student with disabilities; however, as long as the district has offered a free appropriate public education they are not responsible for tuition reimbursement. Parents of students with disabilities who would like to enroll their students in a private school can apply for the Carson Smith Special Needs Scholarship Program (CSS) to help with tuition. Homeschooled students are not considered privately schooled students for purposes of determining access to special education and are not eligible for services by the school district for free unless they are dually enrolled in a public school. However, starting in 2024, the Utah Fits All Scholarship will provide flexible funding for families choosing to enroll in a nonpublic school option, like homeschooling. Families can use this funding for customized learning needs, including occupational, behavioral, physical, audiology, or speech-language therapies.

These Utah-specific resources may help you further understand school choice options for students with disabilities:

• Utah State Board of Education Special Education Services website
• Carson Smith Special Needs Scholarship Program (CSS)
• Utah State Board of Education Special Education Rights of Parents and Children Procedural Safeguards Notice – available in English, Spanish, and more.
• Utah Parent Center – The Utah Parent Center (UPC) helps parents, children, youth, and young adults with all disabilities to live included, productive lives by providing information, peer support, training, and advocacy.
• Autism Council of Utah – The Autism Council of Utah works to foster collaboration, communication, and learning among families and agencies by promoting access to resources and responsible information.
• Technical Assistance for Excellence in Special Education (TAESE) – TAESE works to improve results for infants, toddlers, children, and youth with disabilities by providing access to expertise and technical assistance services; facilitating activities to help agencies meet state and federal requirements; and designing, organizing, and implementing a variety of professional development activities. 
• Utah Developmental Disabilities Council (UDDC) – The Utah Developmental Disabilities Council advocates for, and strengthen leadership skills in, individuals with disabilities and their families.
• Utah Schools for the Deaf and the Blind – The Utah Schools for the Deaf and the Blind support students across the state of Utah and serves as a leader across the country and around the world for the education of students who are deaf, blind, or deaf-blind.
• Utah State Instructional Materials Access Center (USIMAC) – The USIMAC provides the proper materials in the format that will give students the greatest success in the classroom – including Braille, Large Print, and PDF/DAISY/EPUB
• Special Needs Resource Project – Utah – This list includes state links, national links, US Military links, and Native American links to resources available in Utah.

Vermont

In Vermont, traditional public schools and magnet schools follow IDEA guidance to identify and provide services to students with disabilities attending these schools. Private schools in Vermont are not required to provide special education services but can choose to offer them to their students or partner with the local LEA to provide them at no cost. Parents have the right to choose a private school for their student with disabilities; however, the district is not required to pay for tuition as long as the LEA has made a free appropriate public education available to their child. In some cases, Vermont homeschool students may be eligible for special education services provided by their school district for free. While not strictly required by law, some districts elect to provide special education services to homeschoolers through a Services Plan. For more information about homeschooling students with disabilities, visit our guide.

These resources may help you further understand school choice options for students with disabilities in Vermont:

• State of Vermont Agency of Education – Special Education website
• Rights of Parents of Students with Disabilities – Vermont Agency of Education (PDF)
• Notice of Procedural Safeguards: Rights of Parents of Students with Disabilities (PDF)
• Special Education Acronym List (PDF)
• Vermont Association of the Deaf (VTAD) – VTAD’s goal is to create a better world for the deaf individuals and their families through community outreach, advocacy, education, legislative efforts, and collaboration.
• Vermont Federation of Families for Children’s Mental Health – The Vermont Federation of Families for Children’s Mental Health supports families and children where a child or youth (0-22) by providing families with peer support and information; empowering families, youth, and young adults to navigate service and support systems; and advocating for accessible, flexible, and quality family centered and driven services.
• Vermont Interdisciplinary Team (I-Team) – The Vermont I-Team provides technical assistance for teams working with students (3-22), along with training to school district personnel, family members, community service providers, and general community members.
• Vermont Family Network – The Vermont Family Network works to empower and support all Vermont children, youth, and families, especially those with disabilities or special health needs.
• Vermont Assistive Technology Program (VATP) – VATP helps individuals of all ages find accessible solutions to overcome barriers at home, work, and in the community as related to disability and aging related needs.
• Vermont Association for the Blind and Visually Impaired (VABVI) – VABVI is a nonprofit organization that offers training, services, and support to visually impiared Vermonters. 
• Special Needs Resource Project – Vermont – This list includes state links, national links, US Military links, and Native American links to resources available in Vermont.

Virginia

Traditional public schools, magnet schools, charter schools, and online public schools in Virginia all follow IDEA guidance to identify and provide services to students with disabilities attending these schools. Private schools in Vermont are not required to provide special education services, but can choose to offer them to their students or partner with the local LEA to provide equitable services at no cost. Parents of school-age children in Vermont have the right to select a private school for their student with disabilities; however, as long as the district has offered a free appropriate public education they are not responsible for tuition reimbursement. The state considers homeschooled students as privately schooled students for purposes of determining access to special education services; therefore, they may be eligible for equitable services provided by their school district for free. For more information about homeschooling students with disabilities, visit our guide.

Here are some Virginia-specific resources that may help you further understand school choice options for students with disabilities:

• Virginia Department of Education Special Education website
• Your Family’s Special Education Rights – Virginia Procedural Safeguards Notice – available in English, Spanish, and more.
• Parent’s Guide to Special Education by the Virginia Department of Education – available in English, Spanish, and ePub for mobile text readers.
• Virginia Department of Education Military Families website
• Guidance for Military Families with Students in Special Education by the Virginia Department of Education
• Virginia Department of Education Parent Ombudsman for Special Education website – An Ombudsman is a person who serves as a designated neutral party who advocates for a fair process and provides confidential, informal assistance and support to parents, guardians, advocates, educators, and students with disabilities in non-legal special education matters.
• PEATC – PEATC provides tools and information to empower Virginia students with disabilities (birth-age 26) and their families.
• Center for Family Involvement – The Center for Family Involvement works with families to increase their skills as advocates, mentors, and leaders so that families, children and young adults with disabilities can lead the lives they want.
• Virginia Family Special Education Connection – The Virginia Family Special Education Connection website provides a one-stop-shop for parents, families, and caregivers of children with special needs.
• I’m Determined – Critical Decision Points – This guide, created by the Virginia Board for People with Disabilities, assists in helping families make decisions at critical points in their education.
• The Virginia School for the Deaf and the Blind website
• The Arc of Virginia – The Arc of Virginia is the statewide advocacy organization made up of people with developmental disabilities, their family members and their allies, who are fighting for A Life Like Yours, for Virginians.
• Special Needs Resource Project – Virginia – This list includes state links, national links, US Military links, and Native American links to resources available in Virginia.

Washington

In Washington, traditional public schools and magnet schools follow IDEA guidance to identify and provide services to students with disabilities attending these schools. Private schools in Washington are not required to provide special education services but can choose to offer them to their students or partner with the local LEA to provide them at no cost. Parents have the right to choose a private school for their student with disabilities; however, the district is not required to pay for tuition as long as the LEA has made a free appropriate public education available to their child. Homeschooled students in Washington can receive “ancillary services” from their home district for free. For more information about homeschooling students with disabilities in Washington, visit our guide.

These Washington-state-specific resources may help you further understand school choice options for students with disabilities:

• Washington Office of Superintendent of Public Instruction Special Education website
• How Special Education Works: A 10-Step Guide to the Special Education Process
• Notice of Special Education Procedural Safeguards for Students and Their Families – available in English, Spanish, and more.
• Washington State School for the Blind
• Washington School for the Deaf
• Washington Sensory Disability Services – Washington Sensory Disability Services supports the developmental and learning needs of children aged birth to 21 who are deaf or hard of hearing; are blind or low vision; are deafblind.
• Autism Guidebook for Washington State: A Resource for Individuals, Families, and Professionals
• PAVE: Partnerships for Action, Voices for Empowerment – PAVE provides support, training, information, and resources to empower and give voice to individuals, youth, and families impacted by disabilities.
• Washington Assistive Technology Act Program (WATAP) – WATAP provides resources and services to persons who face challenges related to disability and aging to help in the selection and use of assistive technology.
• WEA Special Education Support Center – The WEA Special Education Support Center provides training to all educators, parents, and service organizations.
• The Arc of Washington State – The Arc of Washington State advocates for and beside children and adults with intellectual/developmental disabilities and their families.
• Special Needs Resource Project – Washington – This list includes state links, national links, US Military links, and Native American links to resources available in Washington.

West Virginia

Traditional public schools, magnet schools, charter schools, and online public schools in West Virginia all follow IDEA guidance to identify and provide services to students with disabilities attending these schools. Private schools in West Virginia are not required to provide special education services, but can choose to offer them to their students or partner with the local LEA to provide equitable services at no cost. Parents of school-age children in West Virginia have the right to select a private school for their student with disabilities; however, as long as the district has offered a free appropriate public education they are not responsible for tuition reimbursement. Homeschool students are not considered privately schooled students for determining access to special education services and are not eligible to receive equitable services from their school district for free. For more information about homeschooling students with disabilities, visit our guide.

Here are some resources to help you further understand school choice options for students with disabilities in West Virginia:

• West Virginia Department of Education Special Education website
• Hand in Hand Guidance for West Virginia Families: Together we will provide the best education for all WV students with exceptionalities
• Procedural Safeguards: Available to Parents and Students With Exceptionalities
• West Virginia Parent Training and Information (WVPTI) – WVPTI is a nonprofit parent organization that works to empower families as advocates and partners in improving education, health, and transition outcomes for their children and youth with disabilities and special health care needs.
• The Arc of West Virginia – The Arc of West Virginia works to ensure a satisfying and productive life for the citizens we serve with intellectual, cognitive, and related developmental disabilities and their families.
• Special Needs Resource Project – West Virginia – This list includes state links, national links, US Military links, and Native American links to resources available in West Virginia.

Wisconsin

In Wisconsin, traditional public schools and magnet schools follow IDEA guidance to identify and provide services to students with disabilities attending these schools. Private schools in Wisconsin are not required to provide special education services but can choose to offer them to their students or partner with the local LEA to provide them at no cost. Parents have the right to choose a private school for their student with disabilities; however, the district is not required to pay for tuition as long as the LEA has made a free appropriate public education available to their child. Local districts do not have to provide special education services to homeschooled students; however, they may choose to do so. For more information about homeschooling students with disabilities, visit our guide.

These Wisconsin-specific resources may help you further understand school choice options for students with disabilities:

• Wisconsin Department of Public Instruction Special Education website
• Part B: Procedural Safeguards Notice – available in English, Spanish, and more.
• An Introduction to Special Education by the Wisconsin Department of Instruction – available in English, Spanish, and more.
• Special Education in Plain Language: A User-Friendly Handbook on Special Education Laws, Policies, and Practices in Wisconsin – available in English and Spanish
• Wisconsin Statewide Parent Educator Initiative (WSPEI) – WSPEI helps families and school districts by assisting families with navigating special education and partnering with schools through technical assistance, trainings, and programs.
• Wisconsin Family Assistance Center for Education, Training, and Support (WI FACETS) – WI FACETS provides information on special education and IEPs and referrals to agencies and resources, parent support groups, parent and youth leadership development, and trainings.
• Wisconsin Family Ties – Wisconsin Family Ties provides information and referrals, family support, education, and Parent Peer Specialists to assist families of children and adolescents with emotional, behavioral, and mental disorders.
• Alianza Latina Aplicando Soluciones – Alianza Latina Aplicando Soluciones is a nonprofit organization that provides educational workshops, parent support groups, family events, community building activities, and service referrals to families of children and youth with diverse abilities.
• Arc of Wisconsin – The Arc of Wisconsin provides information and referral services, individual advocacy to address education, employment, health care and other concerns, self-advocacy initiatives, residential support, employment programs, leisure and recreational programs.
• Autism Society of Greater Wisconsin (ASW) – The ASW builds relationships and partnerships with other community agencies with the goal of building autism friendly, inclusive communities.
• Family Voices of Wisconsin – Family Voices of Wisconsin is a statewide network of families who have children and youth with special health care needs and/or disabilities by providing information, training, and leadership opportunities.
• Well Badger Resource Center – The Well Badger Resource Center is a health information and referral program that assists in finding needed programs and services such as early intervention screening.
• Special Needs Resource Project – Wisconsin – This list includes state links, national links, US Military links, and Native American links to resources available in Wisconsin.

Wyoming

Traditional public schools, charter schools, and online public schools in Wyoming all follow IDEA guidance to identify and provide services to students with disabilities attending these schools. Private schools in Wyoming are not required to provide special education services, but can choose to offer them to their students or partner with the local LEA to provide equitable services at no cost. Parents of school-age children in Wyoming have the right to select a private school for their student with disabilities; however, as long as the district has offered a free appropriate public education they are not responsible for tuition reimbursement. The state considers homeschooled students as privately schooled students for purposes of determining access to special education services; therefore, they may be eligible for equitable services provided by their school district for free. For more information about homeschooling students with disabilities, visit our guide.

Here are some resources that may help you further understand school choice options for students with disabilities in Wyoming:

• Wisconsin Department of Education Special Education Programs website
• Notice of Procedural Safeguards Individuals with Disabilities Education Act – available in English and Spanish.
• Wisconsin Department of Education Special Education Resources List (PDF)
• Special Needs Resource Project – Wyoming – This list includes state links, national links, US Military links, and Native American links to resources available in Wisconsin.

Washington, D.C.

In Washington, D.C., traditional public schools and magnet schools follow IDEA guidance to identify and provide services to students with disabilities attending these schools. Private schools in Washington, D.C. are not required to provide special education services but can choose to offer them to their students or partner with the local LEA to provide them at no cost. Parents have the right to choose a private school for their student with disabilities; however, the district is not required to pay for tuition as long as the LEA has made a free appropriate public education available to their child. In D.C., homeschooled students are considered privately schooled students for purposes of determining access to special education services; therefore, they may be eligible for equitable services provided by their district for free. For more information about homeschooling students with disabilities, visit our guide.

These Washington, D.C.-specific resources may help you further understand school choice options for students with disabilities:

• District of Columbia Public Schools Special Education website
• Special Education Program & Resource Guide for Families
• Common Terms in Special Education by the District of Columbia Public Schools
• Determining If Private and Religious School Students Need Special Education by the District of Columbia Public Schools
• Special Needs Resource Project – District of Columbia – This list includes state links, national links, US Military links, and Native American links to resources available in District of Columbia.
• Trying to Navigate Public Schools in the District of Columbia? Parent & Family Guide by the Office of the Student Advocate – also available in Spanish and Amharic.

National Resources

• A History of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act by the U.S. Department of Education discusses the laws that have governed special education from its inception to the present day.
• The Center for Parent Information and Resources is funded by the Office of Special Education Programs at the U.S. Department of Education and offers family-friendly information and research-based materials on key topics for parents.  Here are some particularly helpful resources:
  • 10 Basic Steps in Special Education takes the special education process and breaks it down into the basic steps, linking to more information for each step. (PDF) (web)
  • The Contents of the IEP post shares what parents can expect to be part of their child’s Individualized Education Program.
  • OSEP English to Spanish Translation Glossary incudes over 400 terms that cover special education and early intervention services.
  • The Short-and-Sweet IEP Overview is a crash course on the IEP.
• The IDAHO State Department of Education put together a Comparison of the IDEA, 504, and ADA in an easy to read PDF.
• The Office of the Student Advocate by the State Board of Education of Washington, D.C. created Knowing the Difference: 504 Plan or IEP to provide quick and accessible information on some of the major differences.
• The PROGRESS Center put together a list of Resources for Families and Students that highlight the resources that can be used to support the development and implementation of high-quality educational programs for students with disabilities. 
• Related services for kids who learn and think differently is an article from Understood that explains the different types of related services and how kids who learn or think differently get them.
• Special Education Guide is an online resource for parents and educators who want to master the terminology, procedures, and best practices in special education.  Here are some of their resources:
  • Adaptations, Accommodations, and Modifications shares the difference between the terms that may sound interchangeable but have different meanings.
  • The IEP Process Explained breaks this process down into three steps.
  • The Special Education Process Explained explains the special education process in five steps.
• The Special Needs Resource Project provides basic guides for parents of children with chronic health issues, disabilities, and special needs  – such as this list of National Resources. 
• The Center for Learner Equity provides family resources that cover a range of topics relevant to families, including informative research projects surrounding navigating special education and school choice.
• The Center for Appropriate Dispute Resolution in Special Education (CADRE) focuses on encouraging the use of mediation, facilitation, and other collaborative processes as strategies for resolving disagreements between parents and schools about children’s educational programs and support services.
• The TIES Center works to create sustainable changes so that students with significant cognitive disabilities can fully engage in the same instructional and non-instructional activities as their peers while being instructed in a way that meets individual learning needs.
• Understood put together What is Child Find? – an article discussing how Child Find works, what happens when an evaluation is requested, and what happens when schools don’t follow Child Find.
• Absurdities and Realities of Special Education: The University of Vermont Center for Digital Initiatives Collection is a complete set of all of the cartoons illustrating the rewards and challenges of special education.

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The information in this guide to special education is designed to help families who are interested in learning more about the school choice options for students with disabilities in their state.  Our mission is to provide families with the information they need about all the school options available – traditional public, public charter, public magnet, private, online, and at home – so they can choose the right fit for their child.  Read more guides about the other types of schools.